英语五大基本时态的句子结构如下：
一、一般现在时
肯定句
主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数加 -s）
例：
- I eat breakfast every day.
- The cat sleeps at noon.
否定句
主语 + do/does + not + 动词原形
例：
- She does not （doesn't） watch TV in the evening.
- They do not （don't） like spicy food.
疑问句
Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形
例：
- Do you drink coffee？
- Does he play basketball？
第三人称单数特殊变化
动词原形 → 动词 + -s（如 eats → eats）
二、一般过去时
肯定句
主语 + 动词过去式
例：
- I visited my grandparents last weekend.
- They watched a movie yesterday.
否定句
主语 + did not （didn't） + 动词原形
例：
- He did not （didn't） finish his homework.
- We did not （didn't） see him last night.
疑问句
Did + 主语 + 动词原形
例：
- Did you call her last night？
- Did they play tennis on Sunday？
时间状语
- 昨天：yesterday
- 上周：last week
- 一瞬间：just now
- 一般过去分词作后置定语：the book that I read
三、现在进行时
肯定句
主语 + am/is/are + 动词 -ing 形式
例：
- I am reading a book right now.
- They are playing soccer on the field.
否定句
主语 + am/is/are + not + 动词 -ing 形式
例：
- She is not （isn't） listening to music.
- He is not （isn't） finishing his project.
疑问句
Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 动词 -ing 形式
例：
- Are you studying for the exam？
- Is she waiting for you？
时间状语
- 现在：now
- 此刻：at the moment
- 近期：these days
- 将来进行时（be + going to + 动词原形）：
- I am going to call you later.
四、一般将来时
肯定句
主语 + will + 动词原形
例：
- I will visit my friend tomorrow.
- They will have a party next month.
否定句
主语 + will not （won't） + 动词原形
例：
- He will not （won't） accept your gift.
- We will not （won't） go to the concert.
疑问句
Will + 主语 + 动词原形
例：
- Will you help me with the task？
- Shall we meet at 6 PM？
特殊结构
- be going to + 动词原形（表示计划）：
- The meeting is going to start at 9 AM.
- 表示客观安排：
- The train leaves at 6 PM.
五、现在完成时
肯定句
主语 + have/has + 过去分词
例：
- I have finished my homework.
- She has traveled to three countries.
否定句
主语 + have/has not + 过去分词
例：
- He has not （hasn't） seen that movie.
- We have not （haven't） visited the museum.
疑问句
Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词
例：
- Have you called your sister？
- Has he completed his project？
时间状
